Facts About Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue is made of excitable cells that are capable of contraction. Of all the different tissue types (muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous), muscle tissue is the most abundant tissue in most animals, including in humans. Muscle Tissue Types Muscle tissue contains numerous microfilaments composed of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. These proteins are responsible for movement in muscles. The three major types of muscle tissue are: Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle is so named because it is found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat. Cardiac muscle is branched, striated muscle. The heart wall consists of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Myocardium is the middle muscular layer of the heart. Myocardial muscle fibers carry electrical impulses through the heart that power cardiac conduction.  Skeletal Muscle: Skeletal muscle, which is attached to the bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous system and associated with the bodys voluntary movements. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle. Unlike cardiac muscle, the cells are not branched. Skeletal muscle cells are covered by connective tissue, which protects and supports muscle fiber bundles. Blood vessels and nerves run through the connective tissue, supplying muscle cells with oxygen and nerve impulses that allow for muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle is organized into several muscle groups that work in coordination to perform body movements. Some of these groupings include head and neck muscles (facial expressions, chewing, and neck movement), trunk muscles (moving the chest, back, abdomen, and vertebral column), upper extremity muscles (moving the shoulders, arms, hands, and fingers), and lower extremity muscles (moving the legs, ankles, feet, and toes).Visceral (Smooth) Muscle: Visceral muscle is found in various parts of the body including the blood vessels, the bladder, and the digestive tract as well as in many other hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle, most visceral muscle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is under involuntary control. Visceral muscle is also called smooth muscle because it doesnt have cross striations. Visceral muscle contracts slower than skeletal muscle, but the contraction can be sustained over a longer period of time. Organs of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductiv e systems are lined with smooth muscle. This muscle can be described as rhythmic or tonic. Rhythmic, or phasic, smooth muscle contracts periodically and spends most of the time in a relaxed state. Tonic smooth muscle remains contracted for the majority of the time and only relaxes periodically. Other Facts About Muscle Tissue Adults have a certain number of muscle cells. Through exercise, such as weight lifting, the cells enlarge but the overall number of cells does not increase. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles because we have control over their contraction. Our brains control skeletal muscle movement. However, reflex reactions of skeletal muscle are an exception. These are involuntary reactions to external stimuli. Visceral muscles are involuntary because, for the most part, they are not consciously controlled. Smooth and cardiac muscles are under the control of the peripheral nervous system.

A Teacher s View And Experience With Children With...

Every student is unique and learns differently from everyone else. An important part of a teacher’s job, especially in elementary school, is to identify how each child learns best and help them to achieve success. As the years progress more and more students are being diagnosed with some sort of learning disability. A learning disability is a neurological disorder that affects the way a person processes information. I believe that it is vital that all teachers learn how to accommodate learning disabled students accordingly because every child deserves the right to thrive. To learn about a teacher’s view and experience with children with learning disabilities, I interviewed my fifth grade teacher, Mr. Zuber. Mr. Zuber is one of the first people who inspired me to be a teacher and he has always been one of my role models. He currently teaches fifth grade at Silver Hill Horace Mann Charter School in Haverhill, Ma. He has been a teacher for twenty-seven years and has also taught in Winthrop and Lowell. From his experience, he has come to the conclusion that there is never enough support for this particular group of students. According to Mr. Zuber, â€Å"Some of these kids are very bright and do extremely well but they need the proper supports and sometimes they are not always getting what they need and when it does occur it can be really positive.† This means that with the proper support and help from others these learning disabled students can thrive and meet their goals. In hisShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Education Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesmind is an important step in preparing the child for future learning experiences. The evolution of early childhood education has changed how adults and parents view the importance of offering stimulating and exciting opportunities to the very young. Early childhood Education offers the young child learning experiences that benefit them throughout their educational career. They soon embark on a whole new world of learning. These children are not only experiencing standard brain growth, but verbalRead MoreEducating Children With Learning Disabilities1612 Words   |  7 PagesEducating Children with Learning Disabilities Research Compiled for Termpapermasters.com, Inc. by M. Hall 8/2009 Introduction Educators and parents sometimes have very different views on the education of their children and the best approaches to classroom process. Educational initiatives since the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) has led to increasing focus on providing parents with adequate data for decision-making and promoting positive parent/teacher interactions. 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In conventional classrooms, these distinctions may prompt children being demoted to varied reading or math groups, or being distinguished as learning disabled or gifted. In the current educational atmosp here, educators need support as they attempt to meet all children s individual needs while as yet keeping up elevated expectations and an interconnected classroom group. Inclusion does not just mean the position of students with disabilities general educationRead MoreEssay on Teacher Attitudes Towards Inclusion 1289 Words   |  6 Pagesfostered by teacher education in a variety of aspects pertaining to inclusion including increased administrative support, co-teaching, support from special education teachers and paraprofessionals, adequate resources to meet the needs of a wide variety of learners, and time for making accommodations, modifications, and planning (DeSimone and Parmar, 2006; Daane et al., 2008; Elliot, 2008; Gurgur Uzuner, 2010; Jung, 2007). 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In the mid 19th†¯century some European countries outlawed sending young children to work in factories in an attempt to promote general education for all children regardless of economic standing, but this did not apply to all countriesRead MoreThe Early Childhood Education Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pagesothers for their daily wants and needs within specialised institutions (Purdue, 2006). In the education sector, the term ability can lead to disability. Disability has a range of categories - deafness, blindness, intellectual disability and physical disability. Like any d iversity, there are challenges and obstacles that one faces, in contrast, all can experience empowerment and a sense of belonging in their communities through the perspective of sociological concepts such as ideology, identity and mainstream

A Qualitative Study on Popular and Classical Music free essay sample

It has been, like everything else, affected by the rate of speed of technological accomplishments in this century. Because classical music is one genre of music, it is expected that it has also evolved during this period of time and it is has also been subjected to advancements in technology. Musical Characteristics About the only generalization one can make about modern classical music is to say, it is diverse and often complex. Composers have written for every conceivable medium from a single, solo instrument to a huge symphony orchestra. They have written for conventional orchestra instruments, expected performers to play conventional instruments in nonconventional ways, and written for nonconventional instruments, adding them to the orchestra or creating new ensembles. Composers have written for a tremendous diversity of instrumental combinations, many of them small in number and many incorporating the solo voice. When a composer wrote for large orchestra, the texture frequently was more thin and transparent than was common in orchestral writing towards the end of the nineteenth century. Chromaticism had increased and harmony had become complex, at times reducing the clarity of tonality to the point of absence of tonal center. Melodies were longer, phrases were less clear, and form was more difficult to discern. To a great extent, twentieth-century composers have placed considerable emphasis on timbre and rhythm rather than on melody and harmony, creating the need for a different way of listening to music than when a melody predominates. Silence has become a conscious compositional device in modern music and not just a time for a performer to rest. The organization and form of music ranged from totally controlled to free and improvisatory music. In controlled music, the composer gives minute instructions about how the music should be played. In the more free music, performers, in some cases, are given instructions to improvise passages, usually within certain guidelines and restrictions. Much of this music is organized in time segments, measured in seconds rather than bars and phrases. The horizontal pitch organization is typically angular and disjunct, moving with wide intervals or skips. Melodic lines span wide, even extreme, ranges. Dissonance is the rule, and unresolved dissonances and sustained tension are common. Modern classical music may be tonal, but any sense of a major or minor key most likely will be obscure. Some music lacks any sense of key feeling, and some may sound in two or more keys at the same time. Frequently, pitches are based on scales other than major or minor. They may incorporate scales found in other cultures or scales invented by the composer. The five-note pentatonic scale and a whole-tone scale, which excludes half steps, are common in some modern pieces. Many modern composers, however, are experimenting with a return to tonal music. Major Stylistic Developments Certain developments in musical style have occurred in the twentieth century. Some are derived from or run parallel to developments in painting; some are a continuation of earlier stylistic concepts in music; still others are musical developments which belong distinctly to the twentieth century. It should be kept in mind, in any case, that no one stylistic development represents all the music literature of the twentieth century; not all compositions fit neatly into one or another of these classifications; most are the result of several influences. Neoromanticism The term neoromanticism applies to the continuance of German romantic traditions. Post-Wagnerian style continued well into the 20th century. It is characterized not only by a somewhat heavy emotionalism, enormous orchestras, and great symphonic lengths, but also by advances in harmonic idiom and orchestration. Representative composers are Mahler, Bruckner, Richard Strauss, and Sibelius. Impressionism Impressionism is derived from the philosophy and practice of a group of French painters, notably Monet and Renoir, in the last few decades of the nienteenthh century. Impressionism in music was a reaction to the massive, intellectual Germanic music as practiced by Brahms, Wagner, and Mahler. It is best typified in the music of Claude Debussy (1862-1918) and is marked by the delicate sonorities of flute, harp, and strings rather than massive sounds of brass and by subtle shadings rather than dramatic contrasts of tone color. Impressionistic music is sensuous and beautiful and seldom harsh. It may be described generally as having refinement, delicacy, vagueness, and an over-all â€Å"luminous fog† atmosphere. Expressionism The term expressionism, like â€Å"impressionism†, was borrowed from painting. In general, it was intended to mean the expression of the inner self, especially the subconscious, as oppose to impressionism as an interpretation of external things. Expressionism in art, which gave rise to abstraction and surrealism, found its parallel in music from about 1910 to 1925 in the radical works of such composers as Schoenberg, Webern, and Berg. Expressionistic music is characteristically subjective, dissonant, and atonal, although, these traits are by no means confined to the expressionistic category. Neoclassicism Many twentieth-century composers have valued the importance of form and structure in their music, in many cases returning to the common practices and aesthetic values of the past. The new classicism or neoclassicism of the 20th century represents a return to ideals of the 18th century while retaining modern techniques of harmony, tonality, melody, etc. Neoclassical music may be derived from past practices, but its language is not. A neoclassical piece by Stravinsky, perhaps the best-known neoclassical composer, does not sound like Mozart, but it may have commonalities with the classic ideals of control, order, emotional restraint, adherence to formal structure, minimal instrumentation, and transparent texture. Neoclassicism is largely antiromantic and predominantly objective. It strives for simplicity and clarity of material, form, texture, and medium. An important attribute of neoclassicism is the revival of interest in contrapuntal technique. Atonal Music and Serialism In traditional tonal music, compositions usually are organized around sets of whole-step/half-step patterns that establish key centers: the major or minor scales. Atonality in music composition existed when any establishment of a tonal center was deliberately avoided. This provided an alternative approach to the major/minor tonal system. Serialism, known as serial composition or twelve-tone technique, evolved as a systematic means of organizing atonal music. It was a formula that served as the basis got creating a piece of music. The essence of serialism is a set of pitches comprised, typically, of the twelve tones of the chromatic scale, each half step within the octave. This set of pitches – a tone row – is the basis of the composition; by its nature, it avoids key centers. The tone row is subsequently used in various forms in its entirety, never repeating a tone until the entire row is completed. In addition to its original order of pitches, the row may be used backward, or upside down. The first and most important composer associated wth this means of organizing sounds in music was Arnold Schoenberg, although few composers, including Schoenberg, adhered to the system with rigidity except perhaps in a few pieces. Nationalism and Folk Music Nationalism became a major stylistic feature among a number of late-nineteenth-century composers, particularly from Russia and Eastern Europe. Many twentieth-century composers from throughout Europe and America valued nationalistic attributes in their music. Among the most noted of these was Bela Bartok. Electronic Music The impetus of electronic music came from the development of magnetic tape recording. Technicians in Paris experimented with musique concrete, a name given to the technique of manipulating tape recorded sounds from existing natural sources. The altered sounds, combined with natural sounds, could then serve as sound sources for composition. The next development in electronic music was the construction of sound-generating equipment and synthesizers in which the electronic sound generation was combined with sound modification. Composers could now control every detail of their creation: rhythm, dynamics, pitch organization, timbre, reverberation, and even how a tone is begun and released. Most electronic music today is created to be used with live performance. The performance may include standard instrument(s) with prerecorded rape or a standard instrument using tape for sound modification. The most recent development that will most likely dominate the field in generations to come is computer-generated music. Here the composer plots desired sounds in numerical sequence, feeds them into a digital-to-analog converter, and records these sounds on tape. Software programs now make this process easy through MIDI (musical Instrument Digital Interface) that connects a computer with a synthesizer to store sounds and to produce sounds for recording or immediate playback in live performance. One of the most prominent of early composers of electronic music was Edgard Varese. Chance Music Chance music, sometimes called indeterminate music, allows the performer to participate in the creative process. This process can include the random selection of sounds, selection by chance, or improvised passages within the structure of a composition. The overall structure may be indicated in a score, but details are left to the performer. A work utilizing techniques of chance music will never be performed the same way twice. The most noted exponent of chance music is John Cage. Minimalism Minimalism is a style of composition that seeks the greatest effect from the least amount of material. It emerged in the late 1960s with music by Philip Glass, in part as a reaction against the complexities of serialism and other twentieth-century styles that lacked melodic shape, tonal clarity, and perhaps audience appeal. The technique of minimalism is to take a musical pattern or idea and repeat it incessantly, creating slow subtle changes in rhythm, chord movement, or other musical elements. The rhythmic activity may be fast, but the speed of change in the ativity will be slow.

Luka Magnotta and His Crimes

Luka Magnotta, a star of adult video industry has become famous because he was charged and treated as the perpetrator of crimes with psychopathic and sickening nature (â€Å"Luka Magnotta, accused in infamous body-parts case, faces preliminary inquiry Monday† par. 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Luka Magnotta and His Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 2013, the trial that looks at the matter has begun and is continuing today. The potential story is as follows. On the 25th of May, 2012, Luka has invited his lover, Lin Jun, a 33 year old student from China. Luka then tied Lin to the bed, turned on a video camera and started stabbing Lin with an ice pick into the chest. He then commenced sexual acts on the dead body and allegedly ate some flesh of his victim. The video was posted online for the public to see. The body was severed into limbs and different parts were sent into several instit utions, including a school. After this Luka Magnotta went into hiding (â€Å"Luka Magnotta preliminary hearing suspended for the day†). On May 26th 2012, the police were notified of the video that showed the murder and following acts. The police decided it was a fake and disregarded the report. On May 29th 2012 a torso was found in Magnotta’s home in a bag. At this time, Lin Jun was reported missing. The same day Conservative Party of Canada has received a parcel with a severed human foot. The note in the parcel stated that six body parts were sent to different addresses and that the killer will not stop. At this time, Interpol became involved. On June 4th, 2012, Luka Magnotta was arrested in a cafà © in Berlin while he was reading an article about himself (â€Å"Disturbing specifics of Magnotta case a secret to all Canadians †¦ except these people† par. 3). On June 5th, 2012 two schools have received parcels that had a strange and distinct odor. June 18th of the same year, Luka Magnotta was extradited to Canada to receive trial. July 1st, 2012, the head of the victim was found in a park. June 21st, 2012 the hearing about the case was decided to be in March of 2013 (â€Å"Timeline of events: The Luka Rocco Magnotta case† par. 17). The media has extensively covered the case and has received an extremely vast amount of attention. Social networks and websites have been abuzz about the case and the following has been increasing. Magnotta has even gained some fans (â€Å"Luka Magnotta Dedication† par. 1). The whole time Magnotta is denying his guilt and has appeared in court several times.Advertising Looking for research paper on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though there were some provisions to forbid the case going public, there are pictures and videos online that show the acts and pictures of the accused (Wilton 1). From the attention that the media has shown and the public outcry it is possible to conclude that the case is one of a kind. Such cruelty has rarely been seen by the public. There are several examples in history, like Paul Bernard and Karla Homolka that have shown similar sickening and cruel acts towards other people. Magnotta showed some emotion and collapsed but sincerity is questionable (Sidhartha 1). It is obvious that a person of sane mind would never be able to commit such acts. Someone who is able to go through the process is without a doubt a sick individual whose brain is malfunctioning. The most disturbing fact is that the general public has access to the graphic contents and that the law makers and the government were not able to prevent such information from appearing on the internet (â€Å"Luka Magnotta seeks to have public banned from preliminary hearing next week† par. 1). This shows how unorganized the society is and how news hungry the media of the world can be. The case is historically significa nt as it can be aligned with the torture and cruelty of the human kind towards itself. Works Cited Banerjee, Sidhartha. Luka Magnotta Collapses In Court During Preliminary Hearing. 2013. Disturbing specifics of Magnotta case a secret to all Canadians †¦ except these people. 2012.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Luka Magnotta and His Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Luka Magnotta, accused in infamous body-parts case, faces preliminary inquiry Monday. 2013. Web. Luka Magnotta Dedication. 2013. Web. Luka Magnotta preliminary hearing suspended for the day. 2013. Web. Luka Magnotta seeks to have public banned from preliminary hearing next week. 2013. Web. Timeline of events: The Luka Rocco Magnotta case. 2013. Web. Wilton, Katherine. Luka Rocco Magnotta trial: Publication ban covers preliminary hearing. 2013. Web. This research paper on Luka Magnotta and His Crime was written and submitted by user Braden Olsen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Shanghai Baby essays

Shanghai Baby essays This book was just what the Chinese government did not want the public to see. It contained very graphic and intimate details were the main aspect of the scandal with the novel. The Chinese government saw the novel as a threat to the political and mental well-being of its citizens. It talks about things that China is trying to abolish, like the increase in prostitution and drug abuse. There are a few categories that place this book on the banned list in China. The first and most obvious is the content of pornography. There is quite an extent of indecent material, reports inaccurate, fabricated or sensationalist stories. It also offers other materials that the government probably deems to have an unhealthy impact on readers. A large portion of the book is filled up with indecency or pornography. This book is definitely not considered to be G-rated with its graphic mention of sex acts, masturbation, pleasure, sexual organs and promiscuity. Even though it is a fictitious novel, there are many points that tend to shock the reader and these points are viewed to be unhealthy by the Chinese government. There is a few times that the author ties in sex with the city of Shanghai. Standing on the roof, we looked at the sihouttes of the building lit up by the streetlights on both sides of the Huangpu River, specially the Oriental Pearl TV tower, Asias tallest. Its long, long steel column pierces the sky, proof of the citys phallic worship (page 14). Another comment Shanghai is a city obsessed with pleasure (page 40). Some people call Shanghai the Womans city...in comparison to the macho cities of northern China (page 116). Another possibility is that the book was banned for political reasons. After all, the Chinese government banned anything that puts a negative light on Chinas affairs including government and economy. There are eight billion peasants in our cou...

15 Quotes That Will Help You Identify Flattery and Praise

15 Quotes That Will Help You Identify Flattery and Praise Praise has a therapeutic effect on the receiver. It helps to restore a persons self-esteem. It gives hope. Praise is not flattery. There is a distinct difference between the two. Learn to Differentiate Between Praise and Flattery There is a popular Aesops tale about the foolish crow and the wily fox. A hungry crow finds a piece of cheese and sits on a branch of a tree to enjoy his meal. A fox who was equally hungry sees the crow with the piece of cheese. Since he badly wants the food, he decides to trick the crow with flattering words. He lavishes praise on the crow by calling him a beautiful bird. He says that he would like to hear the crows sweet voice, and asks the crow to sing. The foolish crow believes that the praise is genuine, and opens his mouth to sing. Only to realize that he had been fooled by the wily fox when the cheese was hungrily devoured by the fox. The difference lies in the intent of the words. You can praise someone for their actions, or the lack of it, while flattery can be vague, undefined, and even false. Here are some ways to spot the difference between praise and flattery. Praise Is Specific to an Action; Flattery Is Adulation Without a Cause Praise is an actionable device to encourage a positive outcome. For instance, a teacher could praise her student by saying, John, your handwriting has improved since last week. Good job! Now, such words of praise can help John to improve his handwriting further. He knows what his teacher likes, and he can work on his handwriting to produce better results. However, if the teacher says, John, youre good in class. I think youre the best! these words are unspecific, vague, and offer no direction for improvement to the receiver. John will, of course, feel good about the kind words from his teacher, but he wouldnt know how to be better in his class. Praise Intends to Encourage; Flattery Intends to Deceive Flattery is buttering up. With flattering words, someone hopes to get their job done without any concern for the person who receives the flattery. Flattery is based on an ulterior motive, that only benefits the flatterer. On the other hand, praise benefits the receiver, by encouraging the receiver to see the positive side of life. Praise helps others to recognize their talents, raise their self-esteem, restore hope, and give direction. Praise helps both the giver and the receiver.   Those Who Praise Are Immensely Self-Confident; Those Who Flatter Dont Have Confidence Since flattery is manipulative, flatterers are usually spineless, weak, and of poor character. They feed on others ego and hope to get scraps of goodies from egocentric megalomaniacs. Those who flatter dont have leadership qualities. They lack the personality to inspire and instill confidence. On the other hand, praise givers are usually self-confident and assume leadership positions. They are able to infuse positive energy in their team, and they know how to channel the energy of each member of the team through praise and encouragement. By giving praise, they can not just help others grow, but they also enjoy self-growth. Praise and appreciation go hand in hand. And so does flattery and adulation. Praise Fosters Trust; Flattery Fosters Mistrust Would you trust a person who tells you how wonderful you are, how kind you are, or how great you are? Or would you trust a person who tells you that you are a good co-worker, but you need to improve your social skills? It is tough to spot flattery if the flatterer is cunning enough to veil his words to sound like appreciation. A devious person could make flattery look like genuine praise. In the words of  Walter Raleigh:   But it is hard to know them from friends, they are so obsequious and full of protestations; for a wolf resembles a dog, so doth a flatterer a friend. You have to be careful when you receive compliments that amount to nothing. Flattery according to the Bible, is a form of hatred. Flattery can be used to manipulate, cheat, deceive, and hurt others. Beware of Flattery Because Flatterers Can Hurt You Words that are sweetened with honeyed words can fool the gullible. Dont let others sway you by their sweet words that mean nothing. If you meet someone who praises you without reason or charms you with honeyed words of appreciation, it is time to cock your ears and listen beyond the words. Ask yourself:   Is he or she trying to woo me? What are his/her intentions?  Are these words true or false?Can there be an ulterior motive behind these flattering words? Accept Praise With a Pinch of Salt Let praise or flattery not go into your head. While it is good to hear praise, accept it with a pinch of salt. Perhaps, the person who praised you is usually generous. Or perhaps, the person praising you wants something out of you. Flattery can be exhausting, even if they are generous. It is like eating too much sweet and feeling sick after a while. Praise, on the other hand, is measured, specific, and direct. Know Who Your Real Friends and Well Wishers Are Sometimes, those who criticize you more often than praise you have the best interest in their heart. They may be stingy when it comes to praise, but their words of appreciation are more genuine than compliments you gather from a stranger. Learn to spot your true friends, from those who are friends in good times. Shower praises and compliments wherever necessary, but not because you want to gain a fat favor. Be genuine and specific while praising someone, if you want to be accepted as a well-wisher. If someone flatters you, and you are unable to tell whether it is flattery or praise, double-check with a true friend, who can help you see the difference. A good friend will puncture your inflated ego, and bring you back to ground reality if the need arises. Here are 15 quotes that talk about praise and flattery. Follow the advice given in these 15 inspirational quotes on praise and flattery, and you will be able to tell the difference between praise and flattery every time. Minna Antrim: Between flattery and admiration there often flows a river of contempt.Baruch Spinoza: None are more taken in by flattery than the proud, who wish to be the first and are not.Samuel Johnson: Just praise is only a debt, but flattery is a present.Anne Bradstreet: Sweet words are like honey, a little may refresh, but too much gluts the stomach.Italian Proverb: He that flatters you more than you desire either has deceived you or wishes to deceive.Xenophon: The sweetest of all sounds is praise.Miguel de Cervantes: It is one thing to praise discipline, and another to submit to it.Marilyn Monroe: It is wonderful to have someone praise you, to be desired.John Wooden: You cant let praise or criticism get to you. Its a weakness to get caught up in either one.Leo Tolstoy: In the best, the friendliest and simplest relations flattery or praise is necessary, just as grease is necessary to keep wheels turning.Croft M. Pentz: Praise, like sunlight, helps all things to grow. Zig Ziglar: If youre sincere, praise is effective. If youre insincere, its manipulative.Norman Vincent Peale: The trouble with most of us is that we would rather be ruined by praise than saved by criticism.Orison Swett Marden: There is no investment you can make which will pay you so well as the effort to scatter sunshine and good cheer through your establishment.Charles Fillmore: We increase whatever we praise. The whole creation responds to praise and is glad.

UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables Essay

UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables - Essay Example It, most likely, is the uniform law convention with the greatest influence on the law of worldwide trans-border commerce, and in some countries lawyers and courts are today as familiar with the Convention as they are with their domestic law - it is the lingua franca of sales. Part of the success is or might be due to the simple requirements of application of the Convention, encoded in articles 1 to 6, which have become a model followed in other international conventions or draft conventions. They are simple in their basic structure, although not without some tricky details which require explanation. These application requirements will be the topic of this short introduction to the Convention.1 Article 1(1) (a) UN law for receivables requires only that the parties have their places of business in different contracting states that is states which have enacted the Convention. With 65 contracting states, now many sales contracts of U.K traders with foreign parties (for example in Australia, Asia, the United States or Europe) are governed by the Convention. Neither the nationality of the parties nor their qualification as merchants influences the application of the Convention, although consumer purchases are almost always excluded from the Convention. The parties' places of business in different states are, in other words, decisive, so that a U.K firm, having its relevant place of business in Australia, when concluding a contract with a firm in Wellington, might find its contract governed by the UN law for receivables. Also, the contract must be a "sale of goods", which normally does not pose problems, but there are borderline cases, with which I shall deal later, and an important extension to mixed contracts under article 3(2) of the UN law for receivables. Parties in Different States The predecessors of the UN law for receivables, the so-called Hague Sales Laws of 1964 - which were ratified by only nine states - used as the main requirement for application only that the parties were residing in different states, thus making it possible that parties from different states, which had not enacted the Uniform Sales Law, might have found their contract governed by this uniform law alien to both of them and to their countries. Therefore, this imperialistic claim of the old uniform sales laws was rejected in the preparation of the UN sales law, but not entirely.2 Article 1(1)(b) states that the UN law for receivables [page 782] is applicable, if the parties are situated in different states - which need not be contracting states, if the conflict of law rules of the forum lead to the application of the law of a contracting state. Thus, if there is a contract between a Japanese and an English trader subject - on account of a clause in the contract - to

Sustainability analysis of urban agriculture in Beijing, China Research Paper

Sustainability analysis of urban agriculture in Beijing, China - Research Paper Example The agricultural sector is the main stage for producing food worldwide. Historically, agricultural production has managed to satisfy the food demands from a rapidly increasing population. However, the scenario at present is totally reversed. There is an apparent decrease of food supply leaving over 1 billion people hungry. Jiang stated that the International Fund for Agriculture Development projected that the food supply will need to increase by 60% to sustain mankind . The dilemma on food production can be tightly connected with the increasing rate of urbanization. The rapid growth of the world economy and exponential increase in the world population may be considered as some of the reasons for the increasing urban areas. Associated with this change is a large shift of human activities towards the urban areas with significant effects on the agricultural sector. In 2008, the rural population has been exceeded by the urban population for the first time. The world’s urban popula tion as projected by the United Nations will continue to grow by more than a billion people between 2010 and 2025, while the rural population which is viewed to be the agricultural producers, will hardly grow at all. The insignificant growth in rural areas can suggest that the proportion of the global population may not suffice the demands of increasing population not producing food (Satterthwaite et. al. 2809). One way to increase the food availability especially on cities is through urban agriculture as an alternative for conventional agricultural food production in rural areas. This method of food production can be done both in urban and peri-urban areas where it is expected to be integrated into the economic and ecological system (RUAF Foundation par. 1). One of the countries that have enormous population in urban areas is China. According to China’s National Bureau of Statistics 2009, the number of urban residents in China had already reached 622 million - a population w ell over twice the size of the entire U.S. but still just 47% of China’s total (Kwan par.1). Around the many very large and fast-growing cities in China, Beijing is one of the cities wherein intensification of agricultural production is taking place at an accelerated pace (Wolf et. al. 142). In this regard, it is reported that the country will push forward urbanization in an active and stable manner, focusing on gradually transferring farmers qualified for urban household permits into cities (â€Å"China expects urbanization rate to be at 51.5% by 2015† par. 2). This opens the opportunity for China to adopt urban agriculture. In fact, Beijing has an increased adoption peri-urban agriculture since 1950’s. The technology proved to sustain some non-staple foods such as milk and vegetables and improved the quality of food available as opposed to quantity in the city (Jianming 40). Despite of the good news that urban agriculture brought to the food supply chain, one must also examine its sustainability. As part of the world’s intensification of agriculture to increase productivity, maximum concern must be placed for the long-term environmental and economic sustainability (Gilis par. 3). It has been defined by Gold (par. 4) of United States Department of Agriculture that sustainability in agriculture involves the long-term integrated system of plant and animal production that will â€Å"satisfy human needs, enhance environmental quality and natural resources based on agricultural economy, efficiently use of nonrenewable resources and on-site resources, sustain economic viability and enhance the quality of life of farmers and society as a whole.† This paper aims to analyze the existing urban agriculture and its contribution to the development of the region. The impact of practicing agriculture in urban areas of Beijing, China will be assessed based on the economic, social and environmental aspects as its sustainability

The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay Example for Free

The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay The last two centuries present significant advancement in the study of cell development in biological science since the term was first coined by Robert Hooke in 1665. Although Hooke first observed the presence of cells in matters it was Jean Baptiste De Lamarck (1744 1829), a French scientist, who initiated early steps in recognizing the concept of the cell as a biological element in living things while carrying out extensive works in evolution and classifications in the animal kingdom. This is similar to the Rene Dutrochet’s pronouncement in 1824 that the structure of a living body’s fundamental elements is the cell, created through the process called juxtaposition or combination, producing both animals and plant forms. Several assumptions followed which serves as basis for the modern cell theory including Ludolph Christian Treviranus’s (1779-1864) proposition that a cell can be further separated into even smaller components by its intracellular space or individual units comprising the cell itself particularly in plants. Building on this concept, Robert Brown (1773-1858) published a paper naming one of these units â€Å"cell nucleus† in 1883. Although scientifically accepted as fact today, Brown together with Bauer, at that time, never thought the idea of cell nucleus to be universally present in all living things and limit the concept to monocotyledons (also called monocots), one of the major groups of angiosperms or flowering plants. Amidst the numerous assumptions and differing opinions of their times three names excel in the field of cell science: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882), Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881) and Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). Schwann discovered what is called Schwann cell or neurolemnocytes, glial cells supplying vitality to peripheral nerve fibers. Together with Schleiden they concluded that all living things are composed of cells and published their findings in a paper called Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals. Almost their contemporary, Virchow further improved the idea into a wider and more scientific scale stating that cells come from cells of the same kind, refuting the theory of Spontaneous Generation. Virchow was also one of the very first scientists to apply existing cell theories together with findings he himself formulated in medicine that led to the discovery of leukemia cells and a deeper understanding of lung cancer and other deceases related to cell formation and their behavior. In 1855, Virchow states that cells replicate through the process called â€Å"cell division†. Together, Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow are the three considered to be the key figures and originator of the basis for the concepts of modern Cell Theory. Development in the Cell Theory in the 1900’s is not as numerous as that of the 1700’s and 1800’s. One discovery, however, worth mentioning is the finding made by James D. Watson and Francis Crick regarding the double-helix structure for DNA in the 1953. 2. Membranous Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells †¢ Chloroplast (plastid). Chloroplasts are present in eukaryotic a cell which main function is to capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP moderating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) and requires NADPH as a reductant in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. †¢ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) forms the network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae in cells necessary for protein synthesis ( the process where cells proteins), protein folding and transport, secretion or exocytosed, and manufacture and storage of glycogen, steroids and macromolecules. †¢ Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex deals with the processing of proteins and lipids after synthesis before transporting (e. g. secretion) †¢ Mitochondrion generates the cell’s energy (i. e. chemical energy) and produce majority of its Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) †¢ Vacuole is an enclosed water filled compartment within a cell containing enzymes and various natural and inorganic molecules. †¢ Nucleus contains majority of the cell’s genetic materials organized in a multiple long linear Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is considered to be the cell’s control center. 3. Methods in Molecular Exchange †¢ Diffusion. Diffusion balances the degree of concentration of molecules from a region with higher concentration to a region with lower concentration as a reaction to thermal motion. It plays a vital role in the distribution of oxygen, nutrients and other molecules across the capillary walls and across membranes. An diffusion equilibrium is said to be attained when the amount of molecule between two regions are equal and no diffusion movement occurs, or the net flux is at zero rate. The degree of concentration, temperature, and room affects the direction and extent of net flux related to the process. †¢ Endocytosis. Endocytosis takes place when cells suck up molecules from the outside of the cell by swallowing it up using their cell membrane. †¢ Exocytosis. Exocytosis is the reverse process of endocytosis where a cell releases the contents accumulated by the secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. 4. Catalyst and Enzyme Catalysts are substances that make a chemical reaction faster than its normal rate. Catalysts inhibit changes in matters acted upon (substrate) but remain unchanged on the final output of the reaction (end product). Enzymes are types of catalyst that are almost always in protein form and are used in biochemical (living) reactions. 5. Enzyme-Controlled Reaction During an enzyme-controlled reaction, the enzyme’s key portion called â€Å"active site† interacts with the substrate. The substrate begins reacting to the enzyme entering a stress state. Upon reaching the necessary stress rate, the substrate changes in form or state (or both) producing the end product. The resulting end product is said to â€Å"drift away† and the enzyme is then free to perform the same procedure in the chemical reaction until no reactible substance is left, concluding the process. 6. Enzymes, Coenzymes and Vitamins The primary function of vitamins in living organisms is to serve as cofactors for chemical reactions involving enzymes. Although a cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound, cofactors are tied to a protein and is necessary for proteins to perform its biological functions. These types of proteins are almost always a kind of enzyme and cofactors can be thought as of â€Å"helpers† in performing its transformation. Vitamins or derivatives of vitamins make up an organic cofactor. 7. Chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms generate their own energy through chemical reaction rather than sunlight. This process converts carbon substances and nutrients into organic form (hydrocarbon) by oxidation as an energy source. 8. In the process called Glycolysis, requires two ATP’s to break down glucose into phosphoglyceraldehyde (2 PGAL). In the 2nd stage of glycolysis, the 2 PGAL’s are then broken into 2 pyruvates. This stage produces 4 ATP’s and 2 NADH’s. The net ATP production is 2 ATP’s as in the same case with the Krebs Cycle. 9. Stages in Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis starts with the accumulation of substances needed by the process. These substances are carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and, of course, sunlight to be processed in the leaf’s chloroplasts. Sunlight then is converted into an energy form called ATP and NADPH. The sunlight absorbed through the stomata follows as certain chain of processing and results in the production of ATP, NADPH and oxygen. This process is called light reaction. Utilizing the ATP and NADPH, carbon dioxide is then converted into sugar. The resulting sugar is then broken down into two molecules called glucose and fructose, molecules that make up sucrose and sugar. The process is called dark reaction. 10. Assuming Photosynthesis I and Photosynthesis II refers to Light Reaction and Dark reactions: During light reactions electrons react as light strikes the chlorophyll. This results to the formation of ATP and NADPH. Also, water undergoes chemical reaction splitting oxygen and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide is accumulated from the atmosphere, hydrogen is added producing carbohydrates. This process is called carbon fixation. In the case of dark reactions, carbon dioxide is accumulated by a 5-C chemical called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). Six molecules of carbon dioxide go in the Calvin Cycle, creating a glucose molecule. TP and NADPH created is used to attach phosphates into the PGA. Residual PGAL molecules are converted to reform 6 molecules of RuBP repeating the cycle again. REFERENCES Enger, E. D. , Ross, F. C. , Bailey, D. B. (2009). Concepts in biology (13th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Turner W. (January 1890). The Cell Theory, Past and Present BIOS 100 Lecture Material Online. Fall 2004. Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy-Releasing Pathways. May 15, 2009. http://www. bio. miami. edu/~cmallery/255/255hist/cell_theory. htm

Industrial Engineering :: essays papers

Industrial Engineering Industrial Engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, equipment, information, and energy in the most efficient manner possible. Efficiency is one of an engineers major concerns. Being able to complete the job, solve the problem, and put the solution in process are all very important, but making the process efficient allows less waste and more profit. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems. Their jobs are also concerned with performance, reliability, cost efficiency, quality control, plant design, and management of human resources. Materials engineering and computer engineering are two of the modern examples of industrial engineering. Industrial engineers have the challenge of incorporating today’s leading technological advances with the production of them in manufacturing facilities. Their purpose is to maximize output, while minimizing the costs for materials and production. This is why industrial engineers must have knowledge of product development, materials processing, optimization, queuing theory, production techniques, and engineering economy. Industrial engineers must have adequate skills in computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing. Robots are now providing more assistance than ever for industrial engineers. Industrial engineering can spread into a wide area of fields. An industrial engineer’s knowledge is useful in designing better systems to care for patients in hospitals, reduce air pollution, and for approaching large-scale challenges in enterprises(usually with a team of other engineers.) Industrial engineers will work with biological engineers to improve the environment, reduce wastes, and conserve Industrial Engineering :: essays papers Industrial Engineering Industrial Engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, equipment, information, and energy in the most efficient manner possible. Efficiency is one of an engineers major concerns. Being able to complete the job, solve the problem, and put the solution in process are all very important, but making the process efficient allows less waste and more profit. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems. Their jobs are also concerned with performance, reliability, cost efficiency, quality control, plant design, and management of human resources. Materials engineering and computer engineering are two of the modern examples of industrial engineering. Industrial engineers have the challenge of incorporating today’s leading technological advances with the production of them in manufacturing facilities. Their purpose is to maximize output, while minimizing the costs for materials and production. This is why industrial engineers must have knowledge of product development, materials processing, optimization, queuing theory, production techniques, and engineering economy. Industrial engineers must have adequate skills in computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing. Robots are now providing more assistance than ever for industrial engineers. Industrial engineering can spread into a wide area of fields. An industrial engineer’s knowledge is useful in designing better systems to care for patients in hospitals, reduce air pollution, and for approaching large-scale challenges in enterprises(usually with a team of other engineers.) Industrial engineers will work with biological engineers to improve the environment, reduce wastes, and conserve

“Beowulf” References Essay

  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Beowulf† is rich in references to Fate, which is described or as a â€Å"armor of Creator† and identical to divine intent, or is shown as an independent force. Really, belief in Fate took primary place in before-Christian ideology of Germans. During the battle with Grendel’s mother, Fate as force unites with Fate as divine intent. Although Beowulf is an instrument in divine hands, in hands of Fate, for his people he IS the Fate – he embodies Fate. He says: â€Å"Fate goes ever as fate must† (line 455). Beowulf believes in fate and he challenges it – when he comes to Chrodgar and asks him to give him honor to protect fortress from monster Grendel, he tells that fate should judge and decide who’ll stay alive. And if he’ll be killed, so this is fate. He says about fate also when he remembers his contest with Brecca, where they wanted to find out who is the better swimmer, when they swam for 5 days, and then lost each other in the sea; a sea monster attacked him, but again, fate saved Beowulf: by his own words â€Å"Fate often saves an undoomed man if his courage holds.† (â€Å"Beowulf†) He believed in honesty and fate, so he took off his chain armor and sword and gave all this to his companion – he could kill Grendel by sword, but he wanted to win in an honest contest – this was his free will. Grendel is (as we can see in text) sent by Fate; they call him â€Å"Cain’s son† and a devil, which came to punish the people. Grendel is â€Å"darkness† and Beowulf is â€Å"light† – this tension between dark and light is repeated in the text several times. Although Grendel came, expecting â€Å"plentiful meat†, â€Å"It was his fate that he eat no more of the race of men after that night†. Grendel is called â€Å"Grendel, Hell’s friend, God’s enemy† (â€Å"Beowulf†) Beowulf kills Grendel being a Fate instrument: â€Å"The end of Grendel’s life was   miserable, and he would travel   far into the hands of fiends. Grendel, the foe of God, who had   long troubled the spirits of men with his crimes, found that   his body could not stand against the hand grip of that warrior†. (â€Å"Beowulf†) When Beowulf embodies â€Å"good†, Grendel embodies â€Å"evil†. Grendel and Daghrevn (lets compare with English â€Å"dark raven†) – it indicates the real essence of Daghrevn. Remember that in middle age â€Å"Northern† poetics raven is a symbol of trouble and Fate (Hamilton, M.P, p.113). And when Beowulf kills Daghrevn – it embodies the new stage in the life of Beowulf – stage of struggle with Fate. In case killing of Grendel is necessity, killing of dragon has element of chance. Mystical power of Daghrevn is higher then even Grendel’s mother had, so here is the Fate. The destiny of Beowulf is decided after he killed dragon – from now on the instrument of fate is not Beowulf- it is dragon, who (how it was repeated not once, from formal point of view) was right. But Beowulf also was right. So, Beowulf acts from the God, and dragon from the Fate (Blackburn, F.A, p.45). But, because Fate is a divine justice, both Beowulf and dragon die. In another case it would be that the God had contradictions with himself, it means, with his instrument – the Fate, which is immanent to him. Continuum is stabilized. The God is united with his divine instrument – the Fate. Works Cited: Anonymous, Beowulf Klaeber, F.R. ed. D.C. Heath & Co. 1950. Hamilton, M.P. â€Å"The Religious Principle† in An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism. University of Notre Dame Press. 1963. Blackburn, F.A. â€Å"The Christian Colouring in the Beowulf† in An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism. University of Notre Dame Press. 1963.   

Statistics and Psychology

There are numerous applications of statistical reasoning and research methods in the field of psychology. From simple aspects of reading and interpreting psychology articles, to completing personal research, statistics is a necessary concept to understand. The scientific method is essential to research, and many of the concepts cross the lines into statistics. It is also imperative for us to compare and contrast the characteristics of primary and secondary data. Ultimately, the focus of these topics centers on the application of statistical reasoning in psychology.Statistics in Psychology One might ask themselves how mathematical concepts could possibly apply to psychology. The answer is simpler than many imagine, all one has to do is focus on the interpretation. Reading psychology research articles is a common occurrence for anyone in the field. Without the ability to understand the jargon, tables, graphs, and other aspects at the heart of statistics, one is unable to truly process the findings of research (Aron, Aron, & Coups, 2009). Research is an iatrical part to nearly every field of psychology, but especially those who seek to answer questions and gain insight to problems.Most fields of psychology –including counseling and clinical focuses- require answers to questions (Aron, Aron, & Coups, 2009). Answering questions requires some form of research, which uses statistics on some level. To answer many of these questions, research is done with some application of the scientific method. Research and the Scientific Method When searching for the answer to a problem, most go about it in an orderly way. The research done in the scientific method is simple application of systematic and logical steps to problem solving (Cowens, 2006).Using the five-step process allows researchers to examine any inquiry. The Five-Step Approach The first step is to determine a problem to solve, or make an observation (Cowens, 2006). This can be a simple question or a more comp lex desire to understand how or why something works. For instance, a psychologist seeks to understand why certain object triggers rage in a patient. Step two is to determine a hypothesis (Cowens, 2006). A hypothesis is usually a speculation or idea about how or why something happens. This step seeks to predict the outcome or reasoning of the problem.The psychologist may form the hypothesis that the object triggers rage because the patient associates the object with past trauma. Now it is time to test the hypothesis. Experimentation and research enters the picture for this step (Cowens, 2006). To test the hypothesis, the psychologist may use sessions or questions as research. They may also try other objects, or use hypnosis to recall the trauma. Recording the observations is an essential step in the scientific method (Cowens, 2006). All observations are important, and frequency tables, graphs, and charts explore the statistical application of the scientific method.In addition to thes e, psychologists may use notes to explore the reasoning. The final step is drawing a conclusion (Cowens, 2006). The purpose of this step is the interpretation of the findings. The results may either support the hypothesis, or raise new questions to explore. The psychologist may find no past trauma, and determine that all purple objects trigger both rage and fear. They then will seek a new hypothesis to begin a new search for answers. Primary and Secondary Data In any aspect of research, it is imperative to consider the validity of results.Primary data is described as data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience (Triola, 2010). Secondary data is published data, or data collected by others (Triola, 2010). Primary data is preferred in research because the knowledge is obtained first-hand, where secondary relies on the observations of others. For instance, more accurate results in a weight study will come from the direct weighing of the patients than asking them their weight. Statistics in Research Psychologists use univariate principles when they measure only one variable and multivariate procedure when using variables to ascertain relationships (Chow, 2002).Psychologists often use statistics to identify areas of research interest. In testing a hypothesis, many researchers need to turn questions into testable numerical data. One of the most common statistics applications is the testing of the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis involves the original claim –like 50 out of 100 patients see success in regression techniques to overcome phobias- and turning it into a mathematical claim (Â µ = 50). The alternative hypothesis represents the difference of a claim, or the probability that it is untrue because the test statistic is outside the given range (Â µ ? 50).These claims are tested, and if it is found that less than 50 patients saw success with regression techniques, then researchers are able to use statistical reasoning to disprove the statement. Overall, statistical reasoning is extremely important in the interpretation of research results obtained through the scientific method. Personal Application The concepts discussed throughout this paper have focused on many answers this author hopes to find in her professional life, and has pursued in her personal life. The author cited the example of rage and fear caused by purple, because her nine-year-old sister suffers problems with this concept.After many trials, tests, and visits to therapy, we were able to determine that she associated the color with Barney the dinosaur, and she cross-associated Barney with a fear of dinosaurs coming back to life in an old movie. Although a simple study, it had great impact on this author’s life, and her future pursuit of psychology. Conclusion Statistical reasoning in psychology may seem like a contradiction to many. However, any pursuit of answers requires research –which employs the scientific method and statistics. We have determined primary data to be more beneficial and reliable than secondary data.We have also applied the concept of hypotheses to statistics and basic research. In conclusion, even simple understanding in psychology is often related to statistical reasoning. ?References Aron, A. , Aron, E. N. , & Coups, E. J. (2009). Statistics for psychology (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall Chow, S. L. (2002). Statistics and its role in psychological research. Methods in Psychological Research. Retrieved October 3, 2010 from ProQuest database. Cowens, J. (2006, August/September). The scientific method. Teaching PreK-8. (37)1. 42. Triola, M. F. (2010). Elementary Statistics. (11th Ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson.

Dan Flavin, Fluorescent Light Sculpture Artist

Dan Flavin, Fluorescent Light Sculpture Artist Dan Flavin (1933-1996) was an American minimalist artist known for his sculptures created using solely commercially available fluorescent light bulbs and their fixtures. He created works that ranged from a single bulb placed at an angle from the floor, to massive site-specific installations. Fast Facts: Dan Flavin Occupation: SculptorStyle: MinimalismBorn: April 1, 1933 in Jamaica, Queens, New YorkDied: November 29, 1996 in Riverhead, New YorkSpouses: Sonja Severdija (divorced 1979), Tracy HarrisChild: Stephen FlavinSelected Works: The Diagonal of Personal Ecstasy (The Diagonal of May 25, 1963) (1963), Santa Maria Annunciata (1996)Notable Quote: One might not think of light as a matter of fact, but I do. And it is, as I said, as plain and open and direct an art as you will ever find. Early Life and Education Born in the New York borough of Queens, Dan Flavin grew up in a devout Roman Catholic family. As a young child, he showed an interest in drawing, particularly wartime scenes. In 1947, Flavin entered the Immaculate Conception Preparatory Seminary in Brooklyn to study for the priesthood. Six years later, he left the seminary along with his fraternal twin brother, David, and enlisted in the U.S. Air Force. There, he trained as a meteorological technician and studied art through an extension program provided by the University of Maryland in Korea. Artist Dan Flavin at the Paula Cooper Galler in 1992 in New York City, New York. Rose Hartman / Getty Images After returning to the U.S., Flavin left the military and ultimately enrolled at Columbia University to study art history as well as painting and drawing. Before graduating, he left college and began working jobs in the mailroom at the Guggenheim Museum and as a guard at the Museum of Modern Art to gain entry into the New York art scene. Minimalist Light Sculpture Dan Flavins early drawings and paintings show a strong influence of abstract expressionism. He also created assembled mixed media sculptures that relate to the movement. Some speculate that Jasper Johns use of light bulbs and flashlights in his assemblages might have impacted the creation of Flavins early works with light. In 1961, Flavin began to design his first Icon pieces with his wife, Sonja Severdija. He first exhibited the light sculptures in 1964. They consisted of box constructions illuminated by incandescent and fluorescent lights. Untitled (To Don Judd, Colorist) (1987). Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons 2.0 By 1963, Flavin stopped working with canvas. He used only fluorescent light bulbs and fixtures. One of the first works in his mature style was The Diagonal of Personal Ecstasy (The Diagonal of May 25, 1963). It consisted of a yellow fluorescent light placed on the wall at a 45 degree angle with the floor. Flavin dedicated the piece to sculptor Constantin Brancusi. Dan Flavin later explained that his discovery of the potential of the fluorescent bulb was a significant revelation. Hed always admired the readymade sculptures of Marcel Duchamp, and he realized that the bulbs were objects in a basic form that he could use in an infinite number of ways. Many of Flavins most significant works are dedications to artist friends and gallery owners. One of those, Untitled (To Dan Judd, Colorist), is a tribute to another artist who, along with Dan Flavin, helped define minimalist art. The pair were close friends, and Judd even named his son Flavin. Interior of Santa Maria Annunciata in Milan, Italy. Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons 3.0 In a clever reference to another of the most prominent minimalists of the 20th century, Dan Flavin created Greens Crossing Greens (to Piet Mondrian Who Lacked Green). Mondrian worked almost entirely with primary colors, black and white, ignoring blended colors like green. Later Life and Work Later in his career, Dan Flavin focused on large-scale installations utilizing colored fluorescent lights. One of his corridor constructions, Untitled (to Jan and Ron Greenberg), was created for a solo show at the St. Louis Art Museum in 1973. Flavin often designed sculptures but didnt construct them until someone purchased them or provided a location for construction. As a result, he left behind drawings and designs for more than 1,000 sculptures when he died in 1996. The last work completed before Dan Flavins death was the lighting of the Santa Maria Annunciata church in Milan, Italy. It is a 1932 Romanesque Revival building, and Flavin completed his plans two days before his death. The church completed the installation one year later. To Saskia, Sixtina, Thordis (1973). Philippe Huguen / Getty Images Legacy Dan Flavins decision to work solely with fluorescent light bulbs as the medium for the construction of his sculptures makes him unique among major 20th-century artists. He helped define minimalism using such limited materials, and he introduced the idea of impermanence to his work. Flavins works only exist until the lights burn out, and the light itself is the analogous element to other sculptors use of concrete, glass, or steel. He influenced a wave of later light artists including Olafur Eliasson and James Turrell. Source Fuchs, Rainier. Dan Flavin. Hatje Cantz, 2013.

How to Answer the 5 Most Common Interview Questions

How to Answer the 5 Most Common Interview Questions In a 1981 interview, TV journalist Barbara Walters famously asked actress Katharine Hepburn, â€Å"What kind of tree are you?† Ever since then, the tree question has been a byword for out-there interview questions. And while you probably won’t get any tree-based questions in your next job interview, you should be prepared for open-ended questions designed to test your readiness for a job. Here are some answers and strategies you should have in your pocket for when an interviewer asks you a question slightly outside of your resume.1. What are some of your strengths and weaknesses?Relax. The interviewer isn’t expecting a full audit of your personal failures or a speech about how you remind yourself of Mother Theresa and Mark Zuckerberg. When you’re asked about your strengths, make sure your answer is directly relevant to the job you’re interviewing for. If you’re interviewing for a sales position, mention your knack for turning a slammed door i nto a promising lead. Or if you’re under consideration for a management position, talk about how your leadership led your former group to its best year ever.For your weaknesses, don’t answer with something that will likely make the interviewer roll their eyes, like â€Å"I work too hard† or â€Å"I love my job too much.† Instead, be honest- but again, make sure it can be spun as a positive for the specific role you’re seeking. For example, instead of saying that you work too hard, say that you have a tendency to try to solve every problem that comes along.The key is to  make sure the interviewer knows you’re aware of your limitations. In this case, you could say that you tend to take on a lot, but that you’re aware of the need to work with the team to find solutions together instead of putting it all on one person. A little self-awareness goes a long way.2.  What was your reason for leaving your previous  job?Chances are, the in terviewer will ask you why you’re looking to leave your current job- or if you’re currently unemployed, why you left your last job. If it’s the former, stress that you’re seeking to grow by taking your skills and experience to the next level with this job. If it’s the latter, and you left your last job under less-than-ideal circumstances (like being fired), don’t panic. Emphasize that the job wasn’t a good fit for you, and you’re seeking a job that fits with your long-term goals (with a bit of explanation of what those are and how they relate to the job you’re trying to get).3. What are your salary expectations for this position?Asking what kind of salary you’re expecting may just be the interviewer’s way to determine what you expect from the job. It’s a risky question to answer- too high a salary, and they might think you’ll jump ship for the next high-paying opportunity that comes along. Too low, and that could impact the salary and benefits they propose to you as part of a job offer. It’s okay to punt this one a little- explain that you’re flexible on salary depending on the role and benefits package and would be happy to discuss that further in the future.4.  Tell me about yourself .When an interviewer asks you about yourself, this is not the time to talk about your hometown, your elementary school spelling bee trophies, or your allergies. They want you to cherry-pick your bio to show whether you’ll fit at their company, in their open  position. Here’s where a quick summary of your relevant education would come in handy, along with  an overview of jobs you’ve had in the field or other experiences appropriate to the job itself. This is something you can prepare ahead of time- just a few sentences outlining who you are as a professional and what makes you a strong candidate for the position.5. Tell me about a time you solved a d ifficult problem.Another popular interview tactic is to have the candidate tell a story about a time they demonstrated a particular skill, like problem solving. Before you go into the interview, think about the skills you’d like to emphasize and come up with a few (honest!) anecdotes about how you applied those in real life. Write them down, or at least jot down notes; that will help them stick in your head and make them easier for your brain to â€Å"grab† when you’re on the spot.If you do know what kind of tree you would be, great! You’re all set if that somehow comes up. Much more likely, you’ll see questions like these. The more you think about them beforehand, the more ready you’ll be to answer them like a pro.

Micro1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Micro1 - Essay Example However, the freedom of movement can also act as a determining factor of the existence or non-existence of freedom. When one has the freedom of movement, they have the choice to choose where the place they will move to is. They can either choose to move to a good place or move to a bad place. Let’s consider a hypothetical situation where two individuals have made a choice to move. One individual chooses to move to a good place while the other chooses to move to a bad place. Initially, the two individuals are both free, but their choice dictates their freedom. The individual who chooses to move to a good place is essentially free. This is because their choice has made them free. The other individual who chooses to move to a bad place, though initially having the freedom of choice, is not free on the basis of their choice. His choice determines that the freedom in itself does not make the individual free. This is the paradox of freedom. From this paradox, it can be derived that freedom does not necessarily make one individual free; it does not guarantee that one will be automatically free. The freedom of an individual is determined by the manner in which the individual uses the freedom at their disposal. Freedom is highly perishable. Any individual that has a particular freedom or is seeking for freedom has the fundamental obligation of using it wisely. If carelessly used or handled, freedom will automatically degrade due to its highly perishable nature. Another paradoxical feature of freedom is responsibility - responsibility comes with freedom. Any individual, group, or country that has achieved or attained freedom to a certain extent has had to take responsibility for it. A free individual is held accountable for their every decision, mistake or success and have to be answerable over any uncertainties or eventualities in terms of outcomes. Freedom therefore is not a lifeless concept but a concept of life; a living entity proof. Freedom has many forms, l evels, and states. Some of the aspects of freedom are on an individual basis while others are on an integral basis. The most basic but essential freedom is the freedom to think. This is an inner freedom that determines whether or not freedom is truly in existence. This is because the freedom of thought is the foundation of all other freedoms. Any kind of assault or annihilation of this freedom results to a restriction of all other freedoms. According to Hamilton (2011: 33), humans deprive themselves of freedom by pursuing their very desires. Man is so caught up in fulfilling his desires that he unknowingly curbs his freedom of thought. He becomes unable to spawn from his ability to think, and this is perilous because it is a fundamental freedom of man. The freedom to think is similar to the freedom to move. Similar to the freedom to move to either a good or a bad place, the freedom to think enables us as individuals to either have good thoughts or bad thoughts. At such a point, the questions that can be and ought to be asked are what are good thoughts and what are bad thoughts. The answer to this questions can be derived by an individual with regards to their beliefs, moral standards, and principles. In addition, the societal perception of certain issues can also be a basis for gauging whether the thoughts that an individual has are good or bad. However, the most standard way of determining the nature of thoughts that are generated by an individual is by analyzing their environment. From the concept of extension, the brain extends

Contrast the Power of Chief Justice Roberts Jr. with that of an Essay

Contrast the Power of Chief Justice Roberts Jr. with that of an Associate Justice like Kennedy - Essay Example However, in terms of power and influence during oral arguments and Friday conference, all justices of the US Supreme Courts have equal voices and equal votes. Undeniably, during oral arguments and Friday conference, protocol states that the Chief Justice speaks first, casts his vote first and assigns the writer of the Court’s opinion if he is with the majority. All these privileges are in deference to his esteemed position. As a matter of fact, the US Supreme Court operates on a system of seniority. With the sole exception of the Chief Justice, the Associate Justices are called to speak and cast their voice on the basis of seniority, that is, the older justices go first. The system of seniority is used only for the purpose of finding order in their procedures and has no bearing on their influence in decision-making (US Courts). In terms of influence on the outcome of the case which is under oral argument or discussion during Friday conference, all Justices have the same and eq ual votes. The Chief Justice is just one vote out of the nine Justices that make up the US Supreme Court. There is not one Justice, not even the Chief Justice, who has more influence and more value to their votes than the others. 2. ... A Justice from the majority group is then assigned to write the opinion of the court. When it is finally promulgated, the majority opinion forms part of the jurisprudence and may be used as precedence for future cases. By their very nature, only the majority opinion affects the actual case law and policy impact that arise out of the promulgated decision. Justices from both the winning majority and the losing minority are all free to write their own opinions which shall also form part of the promulgated decision. Those who agree with the majority opinion write concurring opinions while those who disagree with the majority write dissenting opinions. Interestingly, dissenting opinion gives us a glimpse of the dynamics that occurred in the course of the deliberation of the case. Although the opinion has no weight on the decision and does not confer rights to the parties in the case, justices write them anyway to register their disagreement with the majority. In rare occasions, dissenting opinion becomes the majority opinion because the other Justices become convinced with the dissenter’s argument after reading the dissenting opinion (US Courts). 3. Compare the Superior courts with the US District Court in terms of their purpose(s). What difference(s) did you notice in your study? What do you make of this?   The federal court system has three levels of courts in its hierarchy and each level has a different stated purpose. The three federal courts are the US District Courts, the US Circuit Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. The US District Courts are the trial courts which hear cases under its original jurisdiction. It has authority to hear both civil and criminal cases. Parties who are not

Case study. Ethical Dilemmas in Allen's Family Term Paper

Case study. Ethical Dilemmas in Allen's Family - Term Paper Example Apparent ethical dilemmas challenging Allen’s family are Autonomy and Beneficence. Autonomy invites an idea of liberty of option. Autonomy’s context avails the patients with the right of adopting their preference in matters regarding treating. Beneficence involves the idea of initiating the best practices for solving patient’s condition (Harding, 2010). This mainly advocates for being good to the patients to help them emerge out of their situations. Although these terms advocates for imperative ideas, they presents dilemma in care procedures. The Dilemma of Autonomy A chief actor unveiling the dilemma of autonomy is Clifford Allen. Allen’s is scuffling with a condition of depression. His condition has a medical solution but he is not ready to seek assistance. According to Allen, his condition is a weakness but not a sickness and he claims to have a personal solution to his problem. He only takes medications for other conditions; for instance, he frequently visits a physician for his BPH tests but he never discusses his depression problem. This implicates a stern challenge since understanding the right option to adopt becomes difficult. The autonomy principle allows Allen a choice of defining his fate by the virtue that he has a sober mind (Harding, 2010). However, taking medication seems a better solution to Allen’s problem. ... This creates a dilemma on the matter. Additionally, Pamela’ case reveals the idea clearly. Pamela presents a similar case as one with her husband. She constantly refuses to take chemotherapy and radiation prescriptions until her condition worsen. She feels that chemotherapy is not a good option for her condition. However, this is not the case because her health improves substantially after accepting the treatment. This implies that, subscribing chemotherapy was an ideal option for her condition but since Pamela has rights of choice according to autonomy postulate, imposing treatment is not justifiable. This develops the stand of autonomy as an ethical predicament. Importantly, Allen fails to uphold an initiative of autonomy. He is a victim of supremacy intricate. Allen himself refuses to take treatment because of his reasons; however, he strongly disputes the idea of his wife refusal of chemotherapy. He fails to remember that his wife also has a freedom of determining his fate . Consequently, he hates Pamela and he is not willing to relate with her stand. Indeed this position augments his depression hitch hence posing challenges to his health. A clear understanding and critical handling of the dilemma presented by the concept of autonomy would create a better environment in which they could substantially fight their problems. Beneficence Dilemma Numerous aspects in the family depicts beneficence dilemma. The spirit of adopting good practices to assist patients sometimes present challenging situations. Pamela presents a good paradigm of the impact of the idea of beneficence. She has risky determinations in ensuring her family overcomes their challenges. She quits her job to take care for her son. Moreover, she is very sensitive on her husband’s condition.

Job Satisfaction in MNCs

Job Satisfaction in MNCs Job Satisfaction in MNC Introduction Job satisfaction is one of most important fields of study in the subject of human resource management. This important role of job satisfaction function leads the way in assuring high level of job satisfaction among the employees. Job satisfaction function of any HR vertical of an organization is primarily responsible for productivity of employees and the employee turnover. Since these two aspects can make or break the organizations performance in all areas, it requires attention from top management. Job satisfaction function generally is part of the HR vertical with a clear mandate of motivating employee and continuously striving for higher employee job satisfaction through introduction of new policies and frameworks. The topic forms an integral part of organizational effectiveness and that has instigated me to choose this topic of job satisfaction. I shall try to study the existing literature on job satisfaction and will choose multinational companies to study their varied job satis faction strategies and make analysis. Job satisfaction function is a vast topic and cannot be completely covered in this dissertation. Various researchers have already published their research articles on this subject. I shall be developing on it through understanding the different strategies used by MNCs in todays business environment for maintaining better levels of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction as stated earlier is a complex topic and hence i will try to break it down to simpler and more realistic frameworks to understand the thought process of an organization to ensuring better job satisfaction amongst its employees. According to Wood (1973), â€Å"job satisfaction is the condition of contentment with ones work and its environment, denoting a positive attitude.† Locke (1976) stated that, â€Å"job satisfaction could be viewed as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences.† In other words, it can also be stated that, â€Å"job satisfaction was simply a function of the degree to which a job provided the worker with positively values outcomes.† Wanous (1980) said that, â€Å"job satisfaction was a match between a persons need and the reinforcement received from work performed in an organization.† The HR vertical of any organization shall try to achieve higher levels of job satisfaction through various techniques like awards program, job rotation, internal promotion scheme, family tours and training processes. There is no destination to achieving job satisfaction but the journey is perpetual in nature. Continuous improvement is the name of the game in achieving relatively good job satisfaction amongst the employees. The measure of job satisfaction can only be achieved through comparison in similar industries and through the employee turnover and productivity data. Job satisfaction is one of the most widely discussed and enthusiastically studied constructs. However, job satisfaction is among the most difficult constructs to define. A review of literature shows that constituted definitions of the construct vary from one researcher to the next. Wood (1973) describe the job satisfaction as â€Å"the condition of contentment with ones work and its in my mind, denoting a positive attitude†(p.8.). Locke (1976) stated that job satisfaction could be viewed as â€Å" a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences.† (p.1300) there are several reasons for studying job satisfaction. â€Å" Organizations major job satisfaction primarily because of its presumed direct relationship to the short-term goals of cost reduction through increased individual productivity and reduced absences, errors, and turnover.† (Cranny et al, 1992). Levels of job dissatisfaction have been found to be related to job turnover, absences, and tardiness. Turnover rates have been the most consistent major associated with job satisfaction. The potential negative consequences of employee turnover in terms of the impact of organizations. Negative effects of job turnover can include: increased costs to recruit, select and train new employer; demoralization of remaining employees; decreased social relationships among employees; negative public relations; disruption of a hi-fi and two-day activities; and decreased organizational possibilities to pursue growth strategies. In fact, several researchers reported a significant relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction. According to Lawler (1977), â€Å"the research evidence clearly shows that employees decisions about whether they will go to work on any given day and whether they will quit as affected by their feelings of job satisfaction. All the literature reviews on the subject have reached the same conclusion. The fact that present satisfaction influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly indicates that the commercial direction is from satisfaction to behavior.† The literature also reveals that there is a coalition chip between job satisfaction and variables such as achievement, recognition, the word itself, responsibility, advancement, policy and administration, supervision, salary, interpersonal relations, working conditions, EH, Ted Newell, educational level, job activities, and gender. The Purpose of the Study The purpose to choose this topic is to analyze the importance of job satisfaction in Multi National Companies (MNCs). The reason to go for MNCs is the increase in the shift over of the employees for future growth. The shifting, thus, includes the satisfaction in the given job role. Through my research, I will try to analyze the causes and effect relationship between the employee and the factors behind job satisfaction in a given MNC. Aim of the Study The main aim of the study is to investigate the remains leading to negative and positive job satisfaction in a MNC. The Objectives of the Study The key objectives of the chosen topic are: 1. Estimating the causes of employee attitudes. 2. Adjudging the results of positive or negative job satisfaction 3. Measuring the employee attitude 4. To assess facet-specific levels of job satisfaction 5. To measure general job satisfaction, Literature Review There are several reasons for studying job satisfaction. â€Å"Organizations measure job satisfaction primarily because of its presumed direct relationship to the short-term goals of cost reduction through increased individual productivity and reduced absenteeism, errors, and dissatisfaction has been found to be related to job turnover, absenteeism and tardiness.† Turnover rates have been the most constraints measure associated with job satisfaction (Atchison Lofferts, 1972; Brayfield Crockett, 1955l Dawis Lofquist, 1981). Mowday (1984) recapitulate the probable pessimistic significance of employee turnover in terms of the impact on organizations. There are various impacts of pessimism in job satisfaction on the turnover of the company such as: * Increase in the recruitment cost. * Recruiting new employees and then training them as well. * It can lead to reduced social relations ships among employees. * No or only few public relations. * Reduction in companys prospects which can hamper the growth. According to Lawler (2005), â€Å"the research evidence clearly shows that employees decisions about whether they will get to work on any given day and whether they will quit are effected by their feelings of job satisfaction. The fact that present satisfaction influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly indicates the causal direction is from satisfaction to behavior†. There is a correlation between job satisfaction and variables such as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, policy and administration, working conditions, supervision, job activities and gender. Research Methodology Saunders et al (2005) â€Å"Research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure†. The research to be followed is a step-by-step process. This makes the entire research process systematic. Only primary research shall be used to draw inferences. The sources used shall be of international repute and will be trustworthy. The main source will be case study and also some books, journals, articles and publications including Internet sources. Literature review Job satisfaction in regards to ones feeling or state of mind regarding nature of their work. Job can be influenced by variety of factors like quality of ones relationship with their supervisor, quality of physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. Positive attitude towards job are equivalent to job satisfaction where as negative attitude towards job has been defined variously from time to time. In short job satisfaction is a persons attitude towards job. Job satisfaction is an attitude which results from balancing summation of many specific likes and dislikes experienced in connection with the job- their evaluation may rest largely upon ones success or failure in the achievement of personal objective and upon perceived combination of the job and combination towards these ends. According to pestonejee, â€Å"Job satisfaction can be taken as a summation of employees feelings in four important areas.† These are: 1. Job-nature of work (dull, dangerous, interesting), hours of work, fellow workers, opportunities on the job for promotion and advancement (prospects), overtime regulations, interest in work, physical environment, and machines and tools. 2. Management- supervisory treatment, participation, rewards and punishments, praises and blames, leaves policy and favoritism. 3. Social relations- friends and associates, neighbors, attitudes towards people in community, participation in social activity socialibility and caste barrier. 4. Personal adjustment-health and emotionality. Job satisfaction is an indicator of employee productivity and employee behavior at work. This may include inter employee relations, pro-activeness of employee, employee absenteeism no. of feedbacks from employees. These all factors are a direct measure of employee satisfaction of the job. The direct correlation has been established by earlier researchers and moreso there is logical evidence to it in any business or industry. The higher levels of job satisfaction is evident in an organization through lower absenteeism rates, low employee turnover, high employee productivity , proactively level of employees, labor unrest issues and participation in managerial decisions. Obviously, every organization desires for higher levels of employee job satisfaction; however it is a long drawn process with continuous improvement and direct focus from the senior leadership team of the organization. Job satisfaction cannot be used interchangeably with organizational morale; which the possessions of feeling have being accepted by and belonging to a group of employees through adherence to common goals and confidence in desirability of these goals. Morale is the by-product of the group, while job satisfaction is more an individual state of mind. DEFINITIONS OF JOB SATISFACTION Different authors give various definitions of job satisfaction. Some of them are taken from the book of D.M. Pestonjee â€Å"Motivation and Job Satisfaction† which are given below: As per Weiss, â€Å"Job satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable, emotional, state resulting from appraisal of ones job. â€Å"An effective reaction to ones job.† For Blum and Naylor, â€Å"Job satisfaction is general attitude, which is the result of many specific attitudes in three areas namely†: 1. Precise occupation features. 2. Personal distinctiveness 3. Group association exterior from the work According to Glimmer, â€Å"Job satisfaction is defined, as it is result of various attitudes the person hold towards the job, towards the related factors and towards the life in general.† Job satisfaction is defined as â€Å"any contribution, psychological, physical, and environmental circumstances that cause a person truthfully say, I am satisfied with my job.† Mr. Smith stated, â€Å"Job satisfaction is defined, as employees judgment of how well his job on a whole is satisfying his various needs† According to Locke, â€Å"Job satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable or positive state of mind resulting from appraisal of ones job or job experiences.† HISTORY OF JOB SATISFACTION The term job satisfaction was brought to lime light by hoppock (1935). He revived 35 studies on job satisfaction conducted prior to 1933 and observes that Job satisfaction is combination of psychological, physiological and environmental circumstances. That causes a person to say. â€Å"I m satisfied with my job†. Such a description indicate the variety of variables that influence the satisfaction of the individual but tell us nothing about the nature of Job satisfaction. Job satisfaction has been most aptly defined by Pestonjee (1973) as â€Å"a job, management, personal adjustment social requirement. Morse (1953) considers Job satisfaction as dependent upon job content, identification with the co., financial job status priding group cohesiveness.† One of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne study. These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various conditions (most notably illumination) on workers productivity. Hawthorne Studies It is considered to be one of the best researches done on the job satisfaction. It was conducted by Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson during the late 1920s and early 1930s at the Western Electric Company. Western Electric Management enlisted the help of Harvard business School professor is Elton Mayo, F.J Roethlisberger, and William Dickson, to help increase the output of workers assembling telephone release. The research started out as an investigation of the effects of physical working conditions on worker productivity, but ended up very differently. Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson originally begin experimenting with the amount of lighting, expecting that productivity would rise as elimination increased to an optimum level. However, the hypothesis that productivity would write just as elimination increased to an optimum level was strongly disapproved why, after several experiments in large departments of the plant, it was discovered that changes in productivity occurred quite independently of B level of elimination. Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson then started experimenting by introducing rest pauses of different lengths and different frequencies during the work day, supplying coffee breaks at various points in the day, and shortening the length of the world today at the work week. The results of the second part of the experiment were more amazing there was an upward trend in output, regardless of the introduction or withdrawal of rest periods, lunches, coffee breaks, shorter workdays, or shorten workweeks. Furthermore, avoid the experiment ended after a year, and the original conditions of work were restored in all previous privileges withdrawn,† the daily and weekly output rose to our point higher than at any other time.† (Mayo, 1933, pp.62-63) In addition, morale among the relay assembly room workers improved dramatically. There was a sharp increase in the amount of socializing among workers after ours. Moreover, absenteeism decreased 80% (Roethlisberger Dickson 1939). According to Dawis Lofquist (1981),† the Hawthorne studies have been credited with limiting research into the causes of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction.† These researches eventually illustrated that original alterations in job situations provisionally enhanced efficiency (called the Hawthorne Effect). It was later found that this increase resulted, not from the new conditions, but from the knowledge of being observed. This finding provided strong evidence that people work for purposes other than pay, which paved the way for researchers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction. Scientific management (aka Taylorism) also had a significant impact on the study of job satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylors 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, argued that there was a single best way to perform any given work task. This book contributed to a change in industrial production philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor and piecework towards the more modern approach of assembly lines and hourly wages. The initial use of scientific management by industries greatly increased productivity because workers were forced to work at a faster pace. However, workers became exhausted and dissatisfied, thus leaving researchers with new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction. It should also be noted that the work of W.L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scott, and Hugo Munsterberg set the tone for Taylors work. Some argue that Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. This model served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job satisfaction theories. Maslows hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow, in a classic paper published in 1943, outlined the elements of an overall theory of human motivation. Maslow viewed human motivation in terms of a hierarchy of five needs: psychology: needs; safety need; belonging there is an alarm needs; S team needs; and, the need for self actualization (Maslow, 1970). According to Maslow, 1970, in the majors are motivated to fulfill whichever need was pre-portend, almost fourfold, for them at a given time. The pre-potency of the meat depended on the EBV twirls current situation and recent experiences. Starting with physical needs, which were most basic, each meat must be at least partially dissatisfied before the Indian visual experience to the desire to satisfy a need at the next higher level. Maslows need hierarchy is illustrated in 1. According to Sergiovanni (1984) and Davis and Newstrom (1989), physiological needs more likely to serve as motivators among workers in todays society, as most jobs issue or the fulfillment of physiological needs, such as food and shelter. However, higher level needs (belonging is and loved needs, S team needs, and the need for self actualization) may influence levels of employee motivation (Davis Newstrom, 1989). Levels of job satisfaction: Level can be defined as an extent, major, or degree of achievement. Job satisfaction is a difficult construct a defined. Job satisfaction can be defined generally as the degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about their jobs. 2.3 IMPORTANCE OF JOB SATISFACTION Ø Job satisfaction is an important indicator of how employees feel about their job and a predictor of work behavior such as organizational, citizenship, Absenteeism, Turnover. Ø Job satisfaction can partially mediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behavior. Ø Common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life style. This correlation is reciprocal meaning the people who are satisfied with the life tends to be satisfied with their jobs and the people who are satisfied their jobs tends to satisfied with their life. Ø This is vital piece of information that is job satisfaction and job performance is directly related to one another. Thus it can be said that, â€Å"A happy worker is a productive worker.† 2.4 Job Satisfaction: Importance to worker organization Job contentment and work-related achievement are main factors in individual satisfaction, self-worth, sense of worth, and self-development. To the employee, job satisfaction brings a pleasant expressive state that can often lead to a affirmative work attitude. A pleased worker is more likely to be imaginative, flexible, innovative, and dependable. For the organization, job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is enthused and dedicated to high quality performance. Augmented output- the quantity and quality of output per hour worked seem to be a by creation of enhanced class of working life. It is vital to note that the literature on the association between job happiness and output is neither definite nor consistent. On the other hand, research dating back to Herzbergs time (1957) has shown at least low association between high confidence and high efficiency and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers will be likely to add more worth to an organization. Discontented employees, who are stimulated by fear of loss of job, will not give 100 percent of their effort for a very long time. Although apprehension is a powerful motivator, it is also a brief one, and also as soon as the threat is lifted performance will decline. Employment satisfaction profits the organization and includes reduction in complaints and grievances, employee absenteeism, work force turnover, and termination; as well as improved regularity and worker morale. Job liking is also linked with a improved work force and has been found to be a good pointer of prolonged existence. Even though only slight connection has been found amongst job satisfaction and productivity, Brown (1996) writes that few employers have discovered that satisfying or delighting work force is one of the most important prerequisite to satisfying or delighting customers, thus ensuring the growth of â€Å"bottom line† of the organization. Job Satisfaction: Employees Responsibility If job contentment is a worker advantage, certainly the employee must be talented to add to his or her own contentment and comfort on the job. The following suggestions can assist an employee to find his or her own satisfaction at job: search for opportunities to display skills and aptitude. This repeatedly leads to even more demanding work and higher responsibilities, with assistant increases in salary and other recognition and rewards. * Build up extraordinary communiquà © skills. Companys value and rewards excellent reading, listening, writing and speaking skills. * Be acquainted with more. Obtain new work related information and skill that helps you to complete job more economically and effectively. This will take off monotony and often gets one noticed. * Reveal creativity and initiative. Merits like these are respected by most companies and often come with in recognition as well as improved responsibilities and promotions. * Initiate teamwork and man management skills. A big part of job related achievement is the aptitude to work well with others to get the job done. Accept the diversity in people. Accept people with their differences and their imperfections and learn how to give and receive criticism constructively. See the value in your work. Appreciating the significance of what one does can lead to satisfaction with the work itself. This help to give meaning to ones existence, thus playing a vital role in job satisfaction. Learn to de-stress. Plan to avoid burn out by developing healthy stress management techniques. FACTORS OF JOB SATISFACTION Hoppock, the earliest investigator in this field, in 1935 suggested that there are six major components of job satisfaction. These are as under: The way the individual reacts to unpleasant situations, The facility with which he adjusted himself with other person The relative status in the social and economic group with which he identifies himself The nature of work in relation to abilities, interest and preparation of worker Security Loyalty Herzberg, mausaer, Peterson and capwell in 1957 reviewed more than 150 studies and listed various job factors of job satisfaction. These are briefly defined one by one as follows: 1. Intrinsic aspect of job It includes all of the many aspects of the work, which would tend to be constant for the work regardless of where the work was performed. 2. Supervision This aspect of job satisfaction pertains to relationship of worker with his immediate superiors. Supervision, as a factor, generally influences job satisfaction. 3. Working conditions This includes those physical aspects of environment which are not necessary a part of the work. Hours are included this factor because it is primarily a function of organization, affecting the individuals comfort and convenience in much the same way as other physical working conditions. 4. Wage and salaries This factor includes all aspect of job involving present monitory remuneration for work done. 5. Opportunities for advancement It includes all aspect of job which individual sees as potential sources of betterment of economic position, organizational status or professional experience. 6. Security It is defined to include that feature of job situation, which leads to assurance for continued employment, either within the same company or within same type of work profession. 7. Company management It includes the aspect of workers immediate situation, which is a function of organizational administration and policy. It also involves the relationship of employee with all company superiors above level of immediate supervision. 8. Social aspect of job It includes relationship of worker with the employees specially those employees at same or nearly same level within the organization. 9. Communication It includes job situation, which involves spreading the information in any direction within the organization. Terms such as information of employees status, information on new developments, information on company line of authority, suggestion system, etc, are used in literature to represent this factor. 10. Benefits It includes those special phases of company policy, which attempts to prepare the worker for emergencies, illness, old age, also. Company allowances for holidays, leaves and vacations are included within this factor. 2.7 REASONS OF LOW JOB SATISFACTION Reasons why employees may not be completely satisfied with their jobs: 1. Conflict between co-workers. 2. Conflict between supervisors. 3. Not being opportunity paid for what they do. 4. Have little or no say in decision making that affect employees. 5. Fear of losing their job. 2.8 EFFECTS OF LOW JOB SATISFACTION 1. HIGH ABSENTEEISM Absenteeism means it is a habitual pattern of absence from duty or obligation. If there will be low job satisfaction among the employees the rate of absenteeism will definitely increase and it also affects on productivity of organization. In the above diagram line AB shows inverse relationship between job satisfaction and rate of turnover and rate of absenteeism. As the job satisfaction is high the rate of both turns over and absenteeism is low and vise a versa. 2. HIGH TURNOVER In human resource refers to characteristics of a given company or industry relative to the rate at which an employer gains and losses the staff. If the employer is said to be have a high turnover of employees of that company have shorter tenure than those of other companies. 3.TRAINING COST INCREASES As employees leaves organization due to lack of job satisfaction. Then Human resource manager has to recruit new employees. So that the training expenditure will increases. Key parameters for Job Satisfaction 1. Training and Job Satisfaction- Most of the literature in this area has focused on the impact of education and skills on job satisfaction rather than the effect of training as such. The relationship between skill acquisition and job satisfaction is not straightforward. First, there is the distinction between general and specific skills. The portability of general skills may raise job satisfaction as it is easier to move to other jobs where satisfaction is higher. In contrast, specific skills bind the worker to the firm and may reduce satisfaction by creating a barrier to exit as workers will lose a portion of the return on such skills if they move. This leads on to the question of the matching of individual skills and levels of education with job requirements. If workers are mismatched in terms of skill and education requirements, this may lower job satisfaction, as evidenced in the earlier literature. In one of the few studies to focus on skilling, Allen and van der Velden (2001) differentiated between education and skill mismatches, finding only a weak relationship between the two. Importantly, they found a significant negative relationship between skill mismatch and job satisfaction, while the link between education mismatch and job satisfaction was insignificant. Training may influence workplace performance directly by raising output per worker, or be measured indirectly through its impact on the wage on the assumption that this is equal to the marginal productivity of labour. However, this will not be the case if there are imperfections in the product or labour markets. The nature of training has been examined in a number of studies. Thus Barrett and OConnell (1998) found that specific training had a bigger impact on wages and productivity than general training. Mason et al. (1996) found that both value added and product quality were higher where workers were trained to take charge of several production lines at once. Cosh et al. in a series of papers (1998, 2000 and 2003) found that training had a strong and significant effect on employment growth in small firms when it was undertaken regularly rather than on an ad hoc basis. Especially for larger firms there was also an association between intensity of training and profitability. Training may also stimulate innovation in the workplace (Bartel and Lichtenberg, 1987). Therefore it is doubtful whether different types of training impact either equally or positively on performance. Finally, training can have an indirect effect on performance if it increases job satisfaction by, for example, making it easier for employees to perform the job or feel more valued (as in Akerlofs 1982 conceptualisation of the labour contract as a gift-exchange). Petty et al.s 1984 meta-analysis confirms such outcomes. In contrast, if workers feel dissatisfied they may react in a number of ways (Farrell, 1983): through a sense of loyalty they may stick it out; use a voice mechanism (Freeman, 1978, Freeman and Medoff, 1984); neglect their responsibilities to the employer by absence, lateness, striking or reduced effort (Akerlof and Yellin, 1986); or exit (Jovanovic, 1979, Burdett and Mortenson, 1998). 2. Quits and Job Satisfcation- Until recently there had been